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<text id=93CT1656>
<link 89TT0040>
<title>
Costa Rica--History
</title>
<history>
Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
Middle America
Costa Rica
</history>
<article>
<source>CIA World Factbook</source>
<hdr>
History
</hdr>
<body>
<p> Unlike most of their Central American neighbors, Costa
Ricans are overwhelmingly of European rather than mestizo
descent. Spain is the primary country of origin. The indigenous
Indian population today numbers no more than 20,000-20% less
than inhabited Costa Rica when the Spanish first settled the
country. Blacks, descendants of 19th-century Jamaican immigrant
workers, constitute a significant English-speaking minority of
about 30,000, concentrated around the Caribbean port city of
Limon.
</p>
<p> In 1502, on his fourth and last voyage to the New World,
Christopher Columbus made the first European landfall in the
area. Settlement of Costa Rica began in 1522, and for nearly
three centuries the region was administered as part of the
Captaincy General of Guatemala, under a military governor.
</p>
<p> The Spanish optimistically called the country "Rich Coast,"
but the name proved inaccurate. Finding no gold or other
valuable minerals in Costa Rica, but rather a resilient Indian
nation resistant to Spanish exploitation, the Spanish turned to
agriculture. The small landowners' relative poverty, the
population's ethnic and linguistic homogeneity, and Costa
Rica's isolation from the Spanish colonial centers in Mexico and
the Andes all contributed to the development of an autonomous
and individualistic agrarian society. This egalitarian
tradition continue even after introduction of banana and coffee
cultivation in the 19th century led to the accumulation of
wealth with resulting class differences.
</p>
<p> In 1821, Costa Rica joined other Central American provinces
in a point declaration of the independence from Spain. Although
the newly independent provinces formed a federation, border
disputes broke out among them. Costa Rica's Guanacaste Province
in the north was annexed from Nicaragua in one such regional
dispute. In 1838, long after the Central American federation
ceased to function in practice, Costa Rica formally withdrew and
proclaimed itself a sovereign nation.
</p>
<p> The modern era of democracy in Costa Rica began in 1889, in
a change of political power that was remarkable considering the
region's turbulent history and conditions. The elections of
1889, considered the first truly free and honest ones in the
country's history, began a trend maintained with only a few
lapses. In 1917-18, Federico Tinoco ruled as dictator, and in
1948, Jose Figueres led a popular revolution in the wake of a
disputed presidential election. With more than 2,000 dead, the
revolution was the bloodiest event in Costa Rican history, but
the victorious junta drafted a constitution guaranteeing free
elections with universal sufferage and abolishing the army.
Figueres became a national hero, winning the first election
under the new constitution.
</p>
<p> Since that time, Costa Rica has held 10 presidential
elections. Only twice, in 1974 and again in 1986, was the
candidate of the party in power elected. The next elections are
scheduled for the early 1990s.
</p>
<p>Political Conditions
</p>
<p> Throughout its history, Costa Rica's political system has
contrasted sharply with its neighbors. The nation has steadily
developed and maintained democratic institutions and an orderly,
constitutional scheme for government succession. Several
elements have contributed to this situation, including
educational opportunities, enlightened government leaders,
comparative prosperity, flexible class lines, and the absence
of a politically intrusive military.
</p>
<p> The National Liberation Party (PLN) has been the dominant
party in Costa Rica since the election of 1948. It is a social
democratic party affiliated with the Socialist International.
Overall, Costa Rican governments have swung from moderately
conservative to moderately progressive as the PLN and various
anti-PLN coalitions have tended to alternate control of the
presidency. This pattern was broken in 1974 and 1986, when a PLN
candidate succeeded a PLN incumbent.
</p>
<p> Oscar Arias Sanchez (PLN) won Costa Rica's presidential
election on February 2, 1986, defeating Social Christian Unity
Party (PUSC) rival Rafael Angel Calderon by a seven-percentage
point margin. Arias was helped at the polls by the popularity
and accomplishments of his predecessor, President Luis Alberto
Monge. The voters rewarded the PLN for Monge's success in
stabilizing the economy after finding it in shambles from the
previous Carazo administration. The PLN also won control of the
Legislative Assembly, capturing 29 of the 57 seats.
</p>
<p> The communist regime in neighboring Nicaragua is seen by
many Costa Ricans as a threat to their nation's peace and
opportunity to develop economically. Costa Rica has no army,
relying instead on a small Civil Guard of 4,000 that patrols the
borders and performs internal police functions. The Civil Guard
periodically has been involved in armed incidents in the
northern border region with both Nicaraguan Government forces
and elements of the Nicaraguan Resistance.
</p>
<p> Many Costa Ricans also believe that the Nicaraguan problem
discourages new investment and tourism in Costa Rica and
stimulates capital flight by the private sector. More than
100,000 recent Nicaraguan immigrants, many undocumented
refugees, are a further burden on Costa Rica's educational and
health facilities.
</p>
<p> In 1987, Costa Rican President Oscar Arias authored a
regional peace plan that became the basis for the peace
agreement signed in August 1987 by the presidents of the other
Central American countries, including Nicaragua. Arias' efforts
earned for him the 1987 Nobel Peace Prize, but since the peace
plan was signed, compliance has been minimal, and armed conflict
in Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Guatemala continues. To the
south, Costa Rica is faced with political and economic
instability in Panama.
</p>
<p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
March 1989.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>